Definitions from chapter 5 A+ Guide to Managing & Maintaining Your PC

This week I define the following four terms:

Word Size: "Word size, also know as the internal data path size, is the largest number of bits the processor can process in one operation." A bit is the smallest piece of information a computer can understand, 8 bits = 1 byte. Most of Intel's processors today can handle a word size of 32 bits for personal PC's or 64 bits on newer servers. AMD offers a 64 bit processor for PC's and notebooks. The word size doesn't need to be as large as the external data path, called just the data path, because the processor can receive more bits than they can process at one time.

Data Path: Is also known as the external data path size. In the newer processors the data path is 64 bits wide. It can send 64 bits at a time.

Overclocking: is forcing a CPU (the processor) to run at a higher clock rate (more clock cycles per second) than it was designed for or was designated by the manufacturer, in order to increase the performance of a computer. You can overclock by overriding the default frequencies by changing the CMOS settings in Setup if your CMOS allows you to set the processor frequency higher than the default frequency. This can result in over heating your processor and damaging it.
CMOS screen shot (from Wikipeidia) of a system that allows overclocking:

SRAM: is a memory cache referred to as static Ram or SRAM. In earlier computers the SRAM was a chip on the motherboard and could be upgraded, modern computers have the SRAM enclosed and embedded inside the processor housing and cannot be upgraded.
The SRAM is much faster than the other types of RAM like dynmic RAM (DRAM). It doesn't need refreshing and can hold its data as long as there is power supplied to it. When the processor requests data, the memory controller will try to anticipate the next logical request and will store it in SDRAM. The memory controller it seems, guesses about 90% of the time right, it can then access the data from the SDRAM, instead of the slower DRAM. It is an effective way of speeding up memory access. Having more SDRAM cache available on your processor is a good thing to look for when buying a new computer.